Which of the following are common forms of advance directives?

• A. Living will
• B. Durable power of attorney for health care
• C. Appointment of a surrogate
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Advances directives let patients shape medical care when they cannot communicate their wishes. A living will records preferences about specific treatments in certain situations, guiding clinicians on whether to pursue or withhold life-sustaining measures. A durable power of attorney for health care designates someone to make medical decisions for the patient if they lose capacity, ensuring there’s a trusted decision-maker. Appointment of a surrogate is another way to name a person who can make or influence decisions when no directive covers a particular scenario or to implement the patient’s wishes through a designated advocate. Because each form serves a distinct, common purpose in ensuring patient wishes are respected, all of the above are common forms of advance directives.